Respiratory groups call for research to prevent, detect and treat respiratory infections
Today, on World Lung Day (WLD), the Forum of International Respiratory Societies (FIRS), members and WLD partner organisations unite to advocate for respiratory health globally and call for more research to prevent, detect and treat respiratory infections.
In 2020, the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic has made the world aware of how deadly respiratory viruses can be. In reality, respiratory infections have been with us for a very long time and will continue to be a major source of human suffering and death.
Apart from viruses, there are many other sources of respiratory infection that cause much human disease. These include bacteria, fungi and other organisms which may infect the upper airways (nose, sinuses and throat) and/or, more worryingly, the lower airways and lungs (such as bronchitis and or pneumonia). They can cause lung symptoms such as cough, fast breathing, green sputum and breathlessness, as well as general symptoms such as fever, feeling ill and weight loss. Chest pain while breathing or coughing may also occur.
Respiratory infections impose an immense worldwide health burden:
Each year almost 700,000 children die from pneumonia. 80 percent of deaths are in children under 2 years and adults above 65 years. Almost all deaths occur in low and middle-income countries.
Each year there are 10 million new cases of tuberculosis (TB) and 1.5 million deaths. Deaths from TB occur mostly in children under 5 years and adults in the 20-35 year age range. Over 95 percent of TB deaths occur in low- and middle-income countries.
Viral respiratory infections can occur in epidemics and spread rapidly within communities across the globe, to become global pandemics. COVID-19 is one such viral respiratory infection that has affected more than 25 million people worldwide and nearly 860,000 have died by the beginning of September 2020. The burden will continue to exponentially increase in the near future.
WLD is an annual lung health awareness day, occurring yearly on 25 September. To date nearly 200 organisations and many more individuals support WLD through lung heath advocacy and action. This year, with respiratory health firmly in the spotlight, it is a great opportunity to raise awareness of the burden of respiratory infections and call for:
Health security and prevention of future COVID-19 outbreaks.
Predictive tests to show who is immune and who will develop disease from novel infections.
Diagnostic tests to identify and treat those at risk to progress once infected.
High quality randomised controlled trials to find the best vaccines and treatments.
Access to effective, affordable vaccines and treatments for all.
Educating all on the benefits and safety of the Influenza and Pneumococcal vaccines, as well as the COVID-19 vaccine once developed.
To learn more about World Lung Day and download the fact sheet, graphics and pledge campaign go to the World Lung Day Toolkit.
Turbine engine blades are subjected to extreme conditions characterized by significant and simultaneous excursions in both stress and temperature. These conditions promote thermo-mechanical fatigue (TMF) crack growth which can significantly reduce component design life beyond that which would be predicted from isothermal/constant load amplitude results. A thorough understanding of the thermo-mechanical fatigue crack behavior in single crystal superalloys is crucial to accurately evaluate component life to ensure reliable operations without blade fracture through the use of “retirement for cause” (RFC). This research was conducted on PWA1484, a single crystal superalloy used by Pratt & Whitney for turbine blades.
Initially, an isothermal constant amplitude fatigue crack growth rate database was developed, filling a void that currently exists in published literature. Through additional experimental testing, fractography, and modeling, the effects of temperature interactions, load interactions, oxidation and secondary crystallographic orientation on the fatigue crack growth rate and the underlying mechanisms responsible were determined. As is typical in published literature, an R Ratio of 0.7 displays faster crack growth when compared to R = 0.1. The effect of temperature on crack growth rate becomes more pronounced as the crack driving force increases. In addition secondary orientation and R Ratio effects on crack growth rate were shown to increase with increasing temperature. Temperature interaction testing between 649°C and 982°C showed that for both R = 0.1 and 0.7, retardation is present at larger alternating cycle blocks and acceleration is present at smaller alternating cycle blocks. This transition from acceleration to retardation occurs between 10 and 20 alternating cycles for R = 0.1 and around 20 alternating cycles for R = 0.7. Load interaction testing showed that when the crack driving force is near KIC the overload size greatly influences whether acceleration or retardation will occur at 982°C. Semi-realistic spectrum testing demonstrated the extreme sensitivity that relative loading levels play on fatigue crack growth life while also calling into question the importance of dwell times. A crack trajectory modeling approach using blade primary and secondary orientations was used to determine whether crack propagation will occur on crystallographic planes or normal to the applied load.
Crack plane determination using a scanning electron microscope enabled verification of the crack trajectory modeling approach. The isothermal constant amplitude fatigue crack growth results fills a much needed void in currently available data. While the temperature and load interaction fatigue crack growth results reveal the acceleration and retardation that is present in cracks growing in single crystal turbine blade materials under TMF conditions. This research also provides a deeper understanding of the failure and deformation mechanisms responsible for crack growth during thermo-mechanical fatigue. The crack path trajectory modeling will help enable “Retirement for Cause” to be used for critical turbine engine components, a drastic improvement over the standard “safe-life” calculations while also reducing the risk of catastrophic failure due to “chunk liberation” as a function of time. Leveraging off this work there exists the possibility of developing a “local approach” to define a crack growth forcing function in single crystal superalloys.
Author: Benjamin Scott Adair, Dissertation; George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering; Georgia Institute of Technology; August, 2013
The Oxigraf state of the art Oxygen Deficiency Monitor, the Model O2iM, is a fast response, accurate and reliable safety monitor for oxygen displacement monitoring in Quantum Computer Laboratory, MRI, NMR, and liquid nitrogen and helium storage facilities. Our reliable solid state sensor does not require routine maintenance or factory calibration, and the O2iM is equipped with an automatic/programmable auto-calibration system. The system easily interfaces with alarm system, HVAC controls, and building management systems.
Oxigraf Case Study:
State-of-the-art helium (and other rare gases) recovery, purification and liquefaction systems are required for operation of Helium-3/Helium-4 milli Kelvin dilution refrigerators in modern Quantum Computer Laboratories, liquid helium superconducting magnets (such as NMRs, MRIs, etc.), MEG systems for medical applications, cryogenic measurement cryostats, various size helium and cryogenic vacuum facilities.
The Problem:
Reliable solutions for sampling gas from remote locations in a Helium Processing Facility are needed in order to monitor equipment and personnel safety. During their operations, helium processing facilities are dealing with the presence of cryogenic nitrogen and helium, which presents oxygen deficiency hazards. Oxygen deficiency in the workplace can lead to blackouts, cause falls, and present more serious health risks — some of which can be fatal. The Oxigraf expert’s team can be brought in to help eliminate the risk of oxygen depletion.
The Solution:
The Oxigraf Model O2iM, which has a high-flow pump option and allows for sampling from long distances. This sensor allows for continual monitoring of the clients’ facilities atmosphere from a safe location, and provides local alarms and interfaces with sophisticated safety features to prevent hazards such as cryogenic spills, which can lead to rapid displacement of breathing air.
Oxigraf’s top-of-the-line oxygen deficiency monitor is flexible and efficient, and provided the client with a reliable, immediate oxygen alarm for concentrations of less than 19.5%. It also eliminated the need for frequent recalibration or replacement of oxygen sensors, as well as the comprehensive, time-consuming maintenance often involved in sampling systems. The risk of false alarms and alarm failures can also be eliminated.
This unique sensor features a rapid response time of less than a second. The built-in pump draws gas remotely, allowing for these quick response times. In fact, we offer the best response speed/signal in the industry, and can add multiplexors (valving) in order to monitor four or more locations from over 100 feet away.The transit time of the gas sample through the sampling tube may be 1 second per meter of sampling tube with our standard pump or using our high flow option, a much faster response is possible on long tubing lengths. The high flow pump operates at a much faster rate and pre-fetches samples.
Additionally, this sensor is insensitive to movement, temperature and pressure changes, has auto-calibration for absolute accuracy, and includes options for multi-port and high-flow sampling. It also features a remote display and optional battery backup to allow for proper functioning during power interruptions. In addition, it can be fitted with a Z-Purge system, which allows the unit to be used in Class 1 Div 2 hazardous areas. The monitor includes a sampling pump, hydrophobic filter, and flow sensor, while the microprocessor controller maintains the flow at a constant value.
The Result:
When comparing the Oxigraf O2iM sensor to other O2 sensing solutions, it can be determined that O2iM is “the champion,” allowing for reliable performance 24/7. Oxigraf customers are particularly impressed with the unique engineering of the “Pre-Fetch” high-flow pump option, which allows for the monitoring of distant sample locations while maintaining fast response times.
Typical O2iM Installation:
Learn More:
Oxigraf has over 20 years of experience producing laser gas sensors and instruments, and is the leading manufacturer of laser absorption spectroscopy sensors for oxygen gas measurement and analysis. Oxigraf O2iM Oxygen Safety Monitors have been widely adapted in hundreds of facilities since 2004, replacing a wide range of less reliable electrochemical sensors. Oxigraf O2 and CO2 sensors, in particular, have been widely adapted by OEM manufacturers of medical respiratory gas monitors in order to measure breath waveforms, end-tidal gas values, anaerobic thresholds, VO2 maxs, and non-invasive cardiac outputs. For more information on our sensors, or to speak with an expert about your specific monitoring needs, contact the team today.
For the first time in history, NASA astronauts have launched from American soil in a commercially built and operated American crew spacecraft on its way to the International Space Station. The SpaceX Crew Dragon spacecraft carrying NASA astronauts Robert Behnken and Douglas Hurley lifted off at 3:22 p.m. EDT Saturday on the company’s Falcon 9 rocket from Launch Complex 39A at NASA’s Kennedy Space Center in Florida.
“Today a new era in human spaceflight begins as we once again launched American astronauts on American rockets from American soil on their way to the International Space Station, our national lab orbiting Earth,” said NASA Administrator Jim Bridenstine. “I thank and congratulate Bob Behnken, Doug Hurley, and the SpaceX and NASA teams for this significant achievement for the United States. The launch of this commercial space system designed for humans is a phenomenal demonstration of American excellence and is an important step on our path to expand human exploration to the Moon and Mars.”
Known as NASA’s SpaceX Demo-2, the mission is an end-to-end test flight to validate the SpaceX crew transportation system, including launch, in-orbit, docking and landing operations. This is SpaceX’s second spaceflight test of its Crew Dragon and its first test with astronauts aboard, which will pave the way for its certification for regular crew flights to the station as part of NASA’s Commercial Crew Program.
“This is a dream come true for me and everyone at SpaceX,” said Elon Musk, chief engineer at SpaceX. “It is the culmination of an incredible amount of work by the SpaceX team, by NASA and by a number of other partners in the process of making this happen. You can look at this as the results of a hundred thousand people roughly when you add up all the suppliers and everyone working incredibly hard to make this day happen.”
The program demonstrates NASA’s commitment to investing in commercial companies through public-private partnerships and builds on the success of American companies, including SpaceX, already delivering cargo to the space station.
“It’s difficult to put into words how proud I am of the people who got us here today,” said Kathy Lueders, NASA’s Commercial Crew Program manager. “When I think about all of the challenges overcome – from design and testing, to paper reviews, to working from home during a pandemic and balancing family demands with this critical mission – I am simply amazed at what the NASA and SpaceX teams have accomplished together. This is just the beginning; I will be watching with great anticipation as Bob and Doug get ready to dock to the space station tomorrow, and through every phase of this historic mission.”
SpaceX controlled the launch of the Falcon 9 rocket from Kennedy’s Launch Control Center Firing Room 4, the former space shuttle control room, which SpaceX has leased as its primary launch control center. As Crew Dragon ascended into space, SpaceX commanded the spacecraft from its mission control center in Hawthorne, California. NASA teams are monitoring space station operations throughout the flight from Mission Control Center at the agency’s Johnson Space Center in Houston.
The SpaceX Crew Dragon spacecraft is scheduled to dock to the space station at 10:29 a.m. Sunday, May 31. NASA Television and the agency’s website are providing ongoing live coverage of the Crew Dragon’s trip to the orbiting laboratory. Behnken and Hurley will work with SpaceX mission control to verify the spacecraft is performing as intended by testing the environmental control system, the displays and control system, and by maneuvering the thrusters, among other things. The first docking maneuver began Saturday, May 30, at 4:09 p.m., and the spacecraft will begin its close approach to the station at about 8:27 a.m. Sunday, May 31. Crew Dragon is designed to dock autonomously, but the crews onboard the spacecraft and the space station will diligently monitor the performance of the spacecraft as it approaches and docks to the forward port of the station’s Harmony module.
After successfully docking, the crew will be welcomed aboard the International Space Station, where they will become members of the Expedition 63 crew, which currently includes NASA astronaut Chris Cassidy. NASA will continue live coverage through hatch opening and the crew welcoming ceremony. The crew will perform tests on Crew Dragon in addition to conducting research and other tasks with the space station crew.
Three astronauts aboard the International Space Station will participate in a live NASA Television crew news conference from orbit on Monday, June 1, beginning at 11:15 a.m. on NASA TV and the agency’s website.
Robert Behnken is the joint operations commander for the mission, responsible for activities such as rendezvous, docking and undocking, as well as Demo-2 activities while the spacecraft is docked to the space station. He was selected as a NASA astronaut in 2000 and has completed two space shuttle flights. Behnken flew STS-123 in March 2008 and STS-130 in February 2010, performing three spacewalks during each mission. Born in St. Anne, Missouri, he has bachelor’s degrees in physics and mechanical engineering from Washington University in St. Louis and earned a master’s and doctorate in mechanical engineering from the California Institute of Technology in Pasadena. Before joining NASA, he was a flight test engineer with the U.S. Air Force.
Douglas Hurley is the spacecraft commander for Demo-2, responsible for activities such as launch, landing and recovery. He was selected as an astronaut in 2000 and has completed two spaceflights. Hurley served as pilot and lead robotics operator for both STS‐127 in July 2009 and STS‐135, the final space shuttle mission, in July 2011. The New York native was born in Endicott but considers Apalachin his hometown. He holds a Bachelor of Science degree in civil engineering from Tulane University in New Orleans and graduated from the U.S. Naval Test Pilot School in Patuxent River, Maryland. Before joining NASA, he was a fighter pilot and test pilot in the U.S. Marine Corps
Mission Objectives
The Demo-2 mission is the final major test before NASA’s Commercial Crew Program certifies Crew Dragon for operational, long-duration missions to the space station. As SpaceX’s final flight test, it will validate all aspects of its crew transportation system, including the Crew Dragon spacecraft, spacesuits, Falcon 9 launch vehicle, launch pad 39A and operations capabilities.
While en route to the station, Behnken and Hurley will take control of Crew Dragon for two manual flight tests, demonstrating their ability to control the spacecraft should an issue with the spacecraft’s automated flight arise. On Saturday, May 30, while the spacecraft is coasting, the crew will test its roll, pitch and yaw. When Crew Dragon is about 1 kilometer (0.6 miles) below the station and moving around to the docking axis, the crew will conduct manual in-orbit demonstrations of the control system in the event it were needed. After pausing, rendezvous will resume and mission managers will make a final decision about whether to proceed to docking as Crew Dragon approaches 20 meters (66 feet).
For operational missions, Crew Dragon will be able to launch as many as four crew members at a time and carry more than 220 pounds of cargo, allowing for an increased number crew members aboard the space station and increasing the time dedicated to research in the unique microgravity environment, as well as returning more science back to Earth.
The Crew Dragon being used for this flight test can stay in orbit about 110 days, and the specific mission duration will be determined once on station based on the readiness of the next commercial crew launch. The operational Crew Dragon spacecraft will be capable of staying in orbit for at least 210 days as a NASA requirement.
At the conclusion of the mission, Behnken and Hurley will board Crew Dragon, which will then autonomously undock, depart the space station, and re-enter Earth’s atmosphere. Upon splashdown off Florida’s Atlantic coast, the crew will be picked up by the SpaceX recovery ship and returned to the dock at Cape Canaveral.
NASA’s Commercial Crew Program is working with SpaceX and Boeing to design, build, test and operate safe, reliable and cost-effective human transportation systems to low-Earth orbit. Both companies are focused on test missions, including abort system demonstrations and crew flight tests, ahead of regularly flying crew missions to the space station. Both companies’ crewed flights will be the first times in history NASA has sent astronauts to space on systems owned, built, tested and operated by private companies.
Fast Gas Mixer Overlay and Sparge Gas Controller for Bioreactors
The Model O2MIX gas mixer measures the oxygen and CO2 concentration in a gas sample inside instrument and uses this as feedback to control three (3) proportional valves to blend gasses from the three (3) inputs to a single output. The product uses feedback from actual gas measurements as a control point and different mixture and blends of gasses can be used to feed three (3) inputs for mixing. In normal operation the O2MIX is designed to accept Oxygen, Nitrogen (or Compressed “Air”) and CO2 as inputs, and a single blended output of a programmed mixture is produced by the unit to feed a Bioreactor.
The Oxigraf sensor uses laser diode absorption technology to measure oxygen concentration in the gas sample. A laser diode produces light in the visible spectrum at 760 nanometers. Light at this wavelength is absorbed by oxygen. To analyze oxygen the laser beam is focused through the sample gas onto a detector. Oxygen concentration is inversely proportional to the amount of light reaching the detector. An analysis is made every 10 ms.
The analyzer automatically zeroes at each measurement interval by electronically tuning the laser to oxygen non-absorption wave length. CO2 is measured using a NDIR based accessory sensor and integrated into our hardware.
Oxygen measurements are made independent of sample pressure, gas temperature, and (in XC mode) other gases including Ar, He, H2, CO2 and H2O. Gases other than oxygen will not affect the measurement except for their dilution effect on the gas mixture.
Step-Up from other Mixing Technologies:
Accurately mixes O2 and/or CO2 with air or nitrogen by measuring the gas concentration rather than by estimating mixtures from flow measurements.
Accurately controls flow independently.
O2 Range: 21 to 75%. Accuracy: + – 0.3% using tunable diode laser absorption.
CO2 Range: 0 to 10%. Accuracy: + – 0.2% using non-dispersive infrared.
Flow: 100 to 700 ml/min.
Long life sensor, laser diode based sensor has a 10 year lifetime, does not require periodic replacement.
The O2 Mix integrates an Oxigraf oxygen sensor with a gas sampling system, vacuum fluorescent alphanumeric display (VFD), keypad, limit, a CO2 sensor, a Mixer element utilizing three (3) proportional valves on an integrated manifold, and a RS232 link with Oxigraf communication protocol. Three (3) gas inputs are supplied for O2, Nitrogen (or air) and CO2 and mixed using the feedback of the O2 and CO2 sensors to a single front panel outlet. All inputs and outputs are CPC quick connect fittings with O-ring seals.
APPLICATIONS:
Gas Mixing of: O2, Nitrogen (or air) and CO2
Overlay and Sparge Gas Controller for Bioreactors
Microbial Systems & Biofuel Development
Anaerobic Fermentation
Stem Cell & Mammalian Cell Cultures
O2MIX Flow Diagram:
PERFORMANCE SPECIFICATIONS:
Range: 0 to 10% CO2; 21 to 75% Oxygen
Resolution: 0.1% in 21 to 75% O2 range; 0.01% in 0 to 10% CO2 range
Sample Flow: 100 to 700 ml/min adjustable.
Response Time: Mixing gasses settle in several seconds
Stability (4hrs): ±0.2%.CO2 after 5 minute warm up; ±0.3%oxygen in XC mode, ±0.1% in oxygen LN mode
Dimensions: 7.5 x 3.0 x 14.0 inches (190 x 76 x 356 mm) WxHxD
Weight: 7 pounds (3.2 kg)
Warranty: One year
Back Panel Interface:
Three (3) gas inlet ports are located on the rear panel of the unit. Input 1 is for Oxygen or calibration gas. Input 2 is for compressed dry air (CDA) or Nitrogen (N2) gas. Input 3 is for CO2 gas. When mixing just O2 and N2, input 3 should be “tee-d” to Input 2 to pressurize the switch on input 3 to prevent a false low gas condition on this input. All the inlets are CPC quick connect fittings.
The power on/off switch (Press “I” for on, “O” for off), 12 VDC power input jack, RS-232 interface 9-pin DIN connector, and three (3) gas inlet ports are located on the instrument back panel. Power is supplied by an external 12 volt, 2 amp CSA Level 3 power supply.
The RS – 232 port is provided to interface with a computer.
Calibration Kit:
Calibration Kit includes certified concentration gas cylinders, preset flow regulators, and tubing with connectors which mate with the analyzer and gas cylinder. The tubing assembly includes a fine flow needle valve. Instrumentation grade, certified calibration gas meets FDA standards for USP oxygen analyzers. Each cylinder provides approximately 3 months of daily calibrations. Calibration gas is shipped direct from the gas supplier.
KOKOMO, Ind. (WTHR) — Vice President Mike Pence toured Kokomo’s GM plant Thursday and thanked workers who are assembling ventilators to aid in the fight against COVID-19.
“To be among heroes in the Hoosier state who are saving lives all across America, we are so proud of each and every one of you,” he said.
Pence leads the White House Coronavirus Task Force which meets daily in Washington D.C. to manage the fight at the federal level. This visit was a chance for him to see a big part of the fight in person that’s taking place in his home state.
The visit included a tour of the plant, an explanation of how the life-saving ventilators are made, and a chance to talk one on one with some of the workers putting the machines together.
“It’s an honor to be a part of all this…fighting this virus,” one employee told Pence. “And hopefully these ventilators from Kokomo will get out there and save America.”
Indiana Democrats called the visit a photo op.
“Hoosiers don’t need a photo op — we need tests, we need protective equipment, and we need leadership,” said Indiana Democratic Party Executive Director Lauren Ganapini. “On every count, this administration has been totally ineffective in responding to this crisis, and Hoosiers are paying the price.”
GM partnered with Ventec and is hiring about 1,000 temporary workers to assemble the ventilators for the federal government.
They’ve already rolled out the first batch ahead of schedule.
“Being among people who put together this plant in 17 days and produced the first ventilator in three days and in less than a month have produced 600 ventilators for the American people, I couldn’t be more inspired,” Pence said.
The accurate measurement of oxygen consumption (VO2) and energy expenditure (EE) may be helpful to optimize the treatment of critically ill patients. However, current techniques are limited in their ability to accurately quantify these end points in infants due to a low VO2, low tidal volume, and rapid respiratory rate. This study describes and validates a new device intended to perform in this size range.
METHODS:
We created a customized device that quantifies inspiratory volume using a pneumotachometer and concentrations of oxygen and carbon dioxide gas in the inspiratory and expiratory limbs. We created a customized algorithm to achieve precise time alignment of these measures, incorporating bias flow and compliance factors. The device was validated in 3 ways. First, we infused a certified gas mixture (50% oxygen/50% carbon dioxide) into an artificial lung circuit, comparing measured with simulated VO2 and carbon dioxide production (VCO2) within a matrix of varying tidal volume (4–20 mL), respiratory rate (20–80 bpm), and fraction of inspired oxygen (0.21–0.8). Second, VO2, VCO2, and EE were measured in Sprague Dawley rats under mechanical ventilation and were compared to simultaneous Douglas bag collections. Third, the device was studied on n = 14 intubated, spontaneously breathing neonates and infants, comparing measured values to Douglas measurements. In all cases, we assessed for difference between the device and reference standard by linear regression and Bland–Altman analysis.
RESULTS:
In vitro, the mean ± standard deviation difference between the measured and reference standard VO2 was +0.04 ± 1.10 (95% limits of agreement, −2.11 to +2.20) mL/min and VCO2 was +0.26 ± 0.31 (−0.36 to +0.89) mL/min; differences were similar at each respiratory rate and tidal volume measured, but higher at fraction of inspired oxygen of 0.8 than at 0.7 or lower. In rodents, the mean difference was −0.20 ± 0.55 (−1.28 to +0.89) mL/min for VO2, +0.16 ± 0.25 (−0.32 to +0.65) mL/min for VCO2, and −0.84 ± 3.29 (−7.30 to +5.61) kcal/d for EE. In infants, the mean VO2 was 9.0 ± 2.5 mL/kg/min by Douglas method and was accurately measured by the device (bias, +0.22 ± 0.87 [−1.49 to +1.93] mL/kg/min). The average VCO2 was 8.1 ± 2.3 mL/kg/min, and the device exhibited a bias of +0.33 ± 0.82 (−1.27 to +1.94) mL/kg/min. Mean bias was +2.56% ± 11.60% of the reading for VO2 and +4.25% ± 11.20% of the reading for VCO2; among 56 replicates, 6 measurements fell outside of the 20% error range, and no patient had >1 of 4 replicates with a >20% error in either VO2 or VCO2.
CONCLUSIONS:
This device can measure VO2, VCO2, and EE with sufficient accuracy for clinical decision-making within the neonatal and pediatric size range, including in the setting of tachypnea or hyperoxia.
Authors: Nachman, Einav BS*; Clemensen, Peter MS*,†; Santos, Katheryn BS*; Cole, Alexis R. BS*; Polizzotti, Brian D. PhD*,‡; Hofmann, Grace RRT§; Leeman, Kristen T. MD‡,∥; van den Bosch, Sarah J. MS*; Kheir, John N. MD*,‡
*Department of Cardiology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
†Department of Research and Development, InnoCC, Glamsbjerg, Denmark
‡Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
Departments of §Respiratory Care
∥Newborn Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
